Practical knowledge about hydraulic and pneumatic components and systems
Written by: Bud Trinkel, Certified Fluid Power Engineer
Edited by Mary Gannon and Richard Schneider,Hydraulics & Pneumatics magazine.
Edited by Mary Gannon and Richard Schneider,Hydraulics & Pneumatics magazine.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Fluid Power Basics
What is fluid power? • Who uses fluid power? • Who is responsible for fluid power? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of fluid power? • Which should be used: hydraulics or pneumatics? • Basic laws governing fluid power • Pascal's law • Work and power • Compressibility of fluids • Boyle's law • Charles' law • Static head pressure • Vacuum
What is fluid power? • Who uses fluid power? • Who is responsible for fluid power? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of fluid power? • Which should be used: hydraulics or pneumatics? • Basic laws governing fluid power • Pascal's law • Work and power • Compressibility of fluids • Boyle's law • Charles' law • Static head pressure • Vacuum
Chapter 2: Hydraulic Fluids
What hydraulic fluids do: transmit energy, lubricate, seal • How are hydraulic fluids specified? • Viscosity • Viscosity index • Pour point • Common fluid additives • Lubricity adders • Viscosity modifiers • Oxidation resistance • Wear inhibitors • Anti-foam inhibitors • Rust inhibitors • Fluid temperature considerations • Fire resistant fluids • Water • High water content fluid • Water-in-oil emulsions • Water glycol • Synthetics • Handling new fluid • Storing hydraulic fluids •
What hydraulic fluids do: transmit energy, lubricate, seal • How are hydraulic fluids specified? • Viscosity • Viscosity index • Pour point • Common fluid additives • Lubricity adders • Viscosity modifiers • Oxidation resistance • Wear inhibitors • Anti-foam inhibitors • Rust inhibitors • Fluid temperature considerations • Fire resistant fluids • Water • High water content fluid • Water-in-oil emulsions • Water glycol • Synthetics • Handling new fluid • Storing hydraulic fluids •
Chapter 3: Plumbing
Plumbing a fluid power system • Considerations when plumbing a plant air system • Pipe types and size • Standard pipe layouts • Grid piping system • Loop piping system • Unit distribution system • Typical air piping side view • Pneumatic machine plumbing • Considerations when plumbing a hydraulic system • Pipe types and sizes • Hose • General rules for sizing hydraulic lines • Pump inlet line • Return lines • Working pressure lines •
Plumbing a fluid power system • Considerations when plumbing a plant air system • Pipe types and size • Standard pipe layouts • Grid piping system • Loop piping system • Unit distribution system • Typical air piping side view • Pneumatic machine plumbing • Considerations when plumbing a hydraulic system • Pipe types and sizes • Hose • General rules for sizing hydraulic lines • Pump inlet line • Return lines • Working pressure lines •
Chapter 4: ISO Symbols and Glossary
Part 1 : Part 2 : Part 3
Fluid power schematic symbols • Basic information • Reservoirs • Filters • Pumps • Flow meters • Relief and unloading valves • Directional control valves • Check valves • Spool valves • Proportional valves • Servovalves • Cartridge valves • Prefill valves • Flow-control valves • Sequence valves • Counterbalance valves • Cylinders • Rotary actuators • Pneumatic and hydraulic motors • Flow dividers • Accumulators • Accessory items • Measuring devices • Air Logic
Part 1 : Part 2 : Part 3
Fluid power schematic symbols • Basic information • Reservoirs • Filters • Pumps • Flow meters • Relief and unloading valves • Directional control valves • Check valves • Spool valves • Proportional valves • Servovalves • Cartridge valves • Prefill valves • Flow-control valves • Sequence valves • Counterbalance valves • Cylinders • Rotary actuators • Pneumatic and hydraulic motors • Flow dividers • Accumulators • Accessory items • Measuring devices • Air Logic
Chapter 5: Basic Fluid Power Systems
Two types of fluid power circuits in this manual • Schematic drawing of a pneumatic circuit • Physical drawing of a pneumatic circuit • Typical pneumatic circuit • Why a schematic drawing • Parts of a typical pneumatic system • Air logic controls • Directional control valve • Limit valve • Air drills • Schematic drawing of a hydraulic circuit • Physical drawing of a hydraulic circuit • Typical hydraulic circuit • Parts of a typical hydraulic system • Directional control valve • Pressure control valves • Accumulators • Conventions used in this publication
Two types of fluid power circuits in this manual • Schematic drawing of a pneumatic circuit • Physical drawing of a pneumatic circuit • Typical pneumatic circuit • Why a schematic drawing • Parts of a typical pneumatic system • Air logic controls • Directional control valve • Limit valve • Air drills • Schematic drawing of a hydraulic circuit • Physical drawing of a hydraulic circuit • Typical hydraulic circuit • Parts of a typical hydraulic system • Directional control valve • Pressure control valves • Accumulators • Conventions used in this publication
Chapter 6: Reservoirs, Heaters, and Coolers
Air receivers • Hydraulic reservoir types • Hydraulic reservoir function • Reservoir cooling formula • Tank heating types and formula • Air and water type fluid coolers
Air receivers • Hydraulic reservoir types • Hydraulic reservoir function • Reservoir cooling formula • Tank heating types and formula • Air and water type fluid coolers
Chapter 7: Air and Hydraulic Filters, Air Dryers and Lubricators --
Air filters and lubricators • Compressed air dryers: deliquescent, refrigerant, and desiccant • Filter rating • Beta Ratio • Filter placement •
Air filters and lubricators • Compressed air dryers: deliquescent, refrigerant, and desiccant • Filter rating • Beta Ratio • Filter placement •
Chapter 8: Pumps and Accessories
Part 1 : Part 2
Pneumatic pumps • Air compressor installation • Hydraulic pumps • Non-positive displacement pumps • Positive displacement pumps • Gear, internal, external, gerotor • Screw • Vane, un-balanced, balanced • Circuits for fixed volume pumps • Variable-volume pumps: vane, piston, radial, wobble-plate, in-line or axial, bent-axis • Load sensing, horsepower, or torque limiting • Circuits for pressure-compensated pumps • Air bleed valves • Closed-loop bi-directional pumps • Bi-rotational pumps • Cavitation causes and damage • Pump mounting and alignment • Pump testing •
Pneumatic pumps • Air compressor installation • Hydraulic pumps • Non-positive displacement pumps • Positive displacement pumps • Gear, internal, external, gerotor • Screw • Vane, un-balanced, balanced • Circuits for fixed volume pumps • Variable-volume pumps: vane, piston, radial, wobble-plate, in-line or axial, bent-axis • Load sensing, horsepower, or torque limiting • Circuits for pressure-compensated pumps • Air bleed valves • Closed-loop bi-directional pumps • Bi-rotational pumps • Cavitation causes and damage • Pump mounting and alignment • Pump testing •
Chapter 9: Relief Valves and Unloading Valves
Why a relief valve? • Relief valve terms • Direct acting relief valve • Pilot-operated relief valve • Remote controlled relief valve • Solenoid Operated relief valve • Proportional relief valve • Direct acting unloading valve • Pilot operated unloading valve • High-low pump circuit • Modular relief valve symbols
Chapter 10: Directional Control Valves
Part 1 : Part 2 : Part 3 : Part 4 : Part 5
Check valves • Pilot-to-open and pilot-to-close check valves • Pilot-operated check valve circuits • Pre-fill valves • Pre-fill valve circuit • 2-Way, 3-Way, 4-Way, 5-Way valve flow functions and symbols • Valve types • Sliding plate, poppet, and spool types • Spool valve advantages and disadvantages • Hydraulic 4-Way spool valves • All ports open, all ports closed, float center, and tandem center • Solenoid pilot operated valves • Crossover conditions • NFPA and ISO Sub-plate layouts • Schematic bar manifold drawing example
Part 1 : Part 2 : Part 3 : Part 4 : Part 5
Check valves • Pilot-to-open and pilot-to-close check valves • Pilot-operated check valve circuits • Pre-fill valves • Pre-fill valve circuit • 2-Way, 3-Way, 4-Way, 5-Way valve flow functions and symbols • Valve types • Sliding plate, poppet, and spool types • Spool valve advantages and disadvantages • Hydraulic 4-Way spool valves • All ports open, all ports closed, float center, and tandem center • Solenoid pilot operated valves • Crossover conditions • NFPA and ISO Sub-plate layouts • Schematic bar manifold drawing example
Chapter 11: Slip-In Cartridges (Logic Valves)
What are slip-in cartridge valves? • Advantages of slip-in cartridge valves • 1:2 slip-in cartridge valves and how they are used • 1:1.1 slip-in cartridge valves and their uses • 1:1 slip-in cartridge valves and their function as pressure controls • Slip-in cartridge valves as a reducing valve
What are slip-in cartridge valves? • Advantages of slip-in cartridge valves • 1:2 slip-in cartridge valves and how they are used • 1:1.1 slip-in cartridge valves and their uses • 1:1 slip-in cartridge valves and their function as pressure controls • Slip-in cartridge valves as a reducing valve
Chapter 12: Infinitely Variable Directional Control Valves
What are infinitely variable directional control valves? • Where are infinitely variable directional control valves used? • Proportional infinitely variable directional control valves • Servo infinitely variable directional control valves
What are infinitely variable directional control valves? • Where are infinitely variable directional control valves used? • Proportional infinitely variable directional control valves • Servo infinitely variable directional control valves
Fixed orifices • Needle valves • Non-compensated flow controls • Pressure-compensated flow controls • Proportional flow controls • Three port flow controls • Priority flow controls • Spool type flow dividers • Motor type flow dividers
Chapter 14: Pressure Control Valves (Except Relief and Unloading Valves)
Sequence valves • Sequence valve circuit • Counterbalance Valves • Counterbalance valve circuits • Reducing valves • Reducing valve circuits • Reducing relieving valves • Reducing relieving valve circuits • Air line regulators
Sequence valves • Sequence valve circuit • Counterbalance Valves • Counterbalance valve circuits • Reducing valves • Reducing valve circuits • Reducing relieving valves • Reducing relieving valve circuits • Air line regulators
Chapter 15: Fluid Power Actuators
Part 1 : Part 2
Single-acting rams, push type and pull type • Telescoping cylinders single and double acting • Spring-return or spring-extend cylinders • Diaphragm actuators • Bellows actuators • Rotary actuators • Hydraulic motor
Part 1 : Part 2
Single-acting rams, push type and pull type • Telescoping cylinders single and double acting • Spring-return or spring-extend cylinders • Diaphragm actuators • Bellows actuators • Rotary actuators • Hydraulic motor
Chapter 16: Accumulators
Non-separated, bladder, piston, and weight-loaded types • Accumulator applications by type • Accumulator dump and unloading valves • Common accumulator circuits
Non-separated, bladder, piston, and weight-loaded types • Accumulator applications by type • Accumulator dump and unloading valves • Common accumulator circuits
Chapter 17: Air-Oil Systems & Intensifiers
Air-oil tanks and circuits • Tandem cylinders and circuits • Air to hydraulic and hydraulic to hydraulic single stroke intensifiers • Air-to-air, air-to-hydraulic, and hydraulic-to-hydraulic reciprocating intensifiers
Air-oil tanks and circuits • Tandem cylinders and circuits • Air to hydraulic and hydraulic to hydraulic single stroke intensifiers • Air-to-air, air-to-hydraulic, and hydraulic-to-hydraulic reciprocating intensifiers
Chapter 18: Miscellaneous Fluid Power Items
Electric motors, heat engines, non-electric motors • Shuttle valves • Quick exhaust valves • Quick-acting couplings • Pressure gauges • Temperature gauges • Rotating unions • Flow meters • Pressure switches • Shutoff valves • Mufflers • Machine members
Electric motors, heat engines, non-electric motors • Shuttle valves • Quick exhaust valves • Quick-acting couplings • Pressure gauges • Temperature gauges • Rotating unions • Flow meters • Pressure switches • Shutoff valves • Mufflers • Machine members
Chapter 19: Moving Part Air Logic Controls
And • Or • Not • Yes • Flip-Flop • Memory • Differentiator • On-delay timer • Off-delay timer • Frequency generator • Pressure decay sensor • Sequencer • Sequence valve • Anti-tiedown • Counters • Air logic circuits
And • Or • Not • Yes • Flip-Flop • Memory • Differentiator • On-delay timer • Off-delay timer • Frequency generator • Pressure decay sensor • Sequencer • Sequence valve • Anti-tiedown • Counters • Air logic circuits
Chapter 20: Brain Teasers
Chapter 21: Practice Circuits
Chapter 22: Useful Formulas
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